Ibhlog

Ilitye le-Shale lilitye elicolekileyo lentlenga elenziwe ikakhulu ziiminerali zodongwe.. Yenye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zamatye entlenga kwaye idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo apho kuye kwakho imfumba enkulu yodaka okanye udongwe., njengakwiibhedi, iidelta zomlambo, neelwandle ezinzulu.

Iifom ze-Shale ezivela ekuqokeleleni iincinci ezincinci, kuquka nodongwe, intlenga, kunye nezinto eziphilayo, ezihlala kwindawo ezolileyo zamanzi kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ziye zihlangane ngokuhamba kwexesha. I-Shale ihlala ibekwe phantsi, umaleko ngamnye omele ixesha lentlenga, kwaye inokuchongwa ngeempawu zayo zokuqhekeka okanye ukukwazi ukuqhekeza kumaleko amancinci.

I-Shale iqhelekile ukuba ngwevu okanye imnyama ngombala, kodwa inokufumaneka nakwimithunzi emdaka, bomvu, kunye nohlaza. Umbala we-shale uhlala ugqitywa ngumlinganiselo wezinto eziphilayo eziqulethwe, kunye namanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo ezikhokelela kwimibala emnyama.

I-Shale inoluhlu lweempawu ezibonakalayo, kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo kunye nokusingqongileyo ekwakhiwa kuyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo lilitye elithambileyo elinokukrwela ngokulula ngozipho lomnwe, kodwa inokuba nzima kakhulu kwaye yomelele, kuxhomekeke kwisamente kunye nokudibanisa.

I-Shale lilitye elibalulekileyo kuba lihlala liqulethe izixa zeoyile kunye negesi yendalo. Ezi hydrocarbons zivaleleke kwizikhewu ezincinci phakathi kwamasuntswana odongwe lwe-shale kwaye zinokutsalwa ngokuqhekeka kwehydraulic okanye “Ukuqhekeka.” I-Shale iqulethe nezinye iiminerali, njengepyrite, calcite, kunye nequartz, enokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino.

I-Shale isetyenziswe kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwimbali, kuquka njengesixhobo sokwakha, njengowona mthombo wamafutha, kwaye njengesixhobo sokubonisa ubugcisa. Namhlanje, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimithombo yayo yamandla, kodwa ikwasetyenziswa kushishino lokwakha njengento enexabiso eliphantsi lokwakhiwa kweendlela, umgca wokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nezinye izicelo.

Ilitye lesandstone lilitye lentlenga elakhiwe ikakhulu ngamancinci, iiminerali ezinobungakanani besanti okanye iinkozo zamatye, ikakhulu iquartz, feldspar, kunye nemica. Yenye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zelitye lentlenga kwaye lihlala lifumaneka kwiindawo ezisentlango naselwandle, nakwiindawo ebezikade zigutyungelwe lulwandle olungekho nzulu.

Ilitye lentlabathi libumba ukusuka ekuqokeleleni kunye nokufakwa kwesamente kwiinkozo zesanti. Iinkozo zesanti zidla ngokugcinwa ngumoya, amanzi, okanye umkhenkce kwaye emva koko ziyadityaniswa kwaye zidityaniswe kunye ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze zenze ilitye eliqinileyo. Uhlobo kunye nobungakanani bezinto zesamente, ezifana ne-calcium carbonate okanye i-silica, inokwahluka, ukunika ilitye lesanti uluhlu lwemibala kunye nokwenziwa.

Ilitye lentlabathi linokuba noluhlu olubanzi lweempawu ezibonakalayo, kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo kunye nokusingqongileyo ekwakhiwa kuyo. Inokuba thambile kwaye ikhukuliseke ngokulula, okanye inokuba nzima kakhulu kwaye imelane nemozulu. Isenokuba neeporeshi okanye ingabi nazimbobo, echaphazela ukukwazi kwayo ukubamba amanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo njengento yokwakha.

Ilitye lesandstone sisixhobo sokwakha esixhaphakileyo kwaye sele sisetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo ukwakha amawaka eminyaka. Kulula ukusebenza kunye kwaye inokusikwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemilo kunye nobukhulu. Ikwayinto eyaziwayo kwiimpawu zokuhombisa, njengemithombo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Ukongeza kusetyenziso olusebenzayo, Ilitye lesandstone likwaxatyiswe ngobuhle balo kwaye lisetyenziswe njengendawo yokubonakalisa ubugcisa kangangeenkulungwane. Ilitye lentlabathi linokufumaneka kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibala, ukusuka kumhlophe ukuya kubomvu ukuya kumthubi, kunye nokuthungwa kwayo okungaqhelekanga kunye neepatheni zenza ukuba kube yinto ethandwayo yokhetho lwabakroli, abakroli, kunye namanye amagcisa.

Ukhukuliseko yinkqubo yendalo apho ilitye, umhlaba, okanye ezinye iimathiriyeli ngokuthe ngcembe zigugile ziimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, njengamanzi, umoya, umkhenkce, kunye nomxhuzulane. Ukhukuliseko yinkqubo ecothayo neqhubekayo enokubangela utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumphezulu woMhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Iiarhente eziphambili zokhukuliseko ngamanzi, umoya, kunye nomkhenkce. Ukhukuliseko lwamanzi lwenzeka xa imvula imvula, imilambo, okanye amaza olwandle ahlamba umhlaba kunye nentlenga ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Ukhukuliseko lomoya lwenzeka xa imimoya enamandla ithatha intlenga, okukhokelela ekwenziweni kweendunduma zesanti kunye nezinye iimpawu eziqingqwe ngumoya. Ukhukuliseko lomkhenkce lwenzeka xa amashidi omkhenkce kunye nomkhenkce zihamba phezu komhlaba, ukukrola iintlambo nokubumba imbonakalo-mhlaba.

Ukhukuliseko lunokuba neziphumo ezihle nezibi kokusingqongileyo. Kwicala elihle, ukhukuliseko lunokudala imbonakalo-mhlaba emitsha, njengemiwonyo kunye neentlambo zemilambo, kwaye inokunceda ekusasazeni umhlaba ochumileyo kwiindawo ezintsha. Kwicala elibi, ukhukuliseko lunokubangela umonakalo kwizakhiwo ezenziwe ngabantu, ezifana nezakhiwo kunye neebhulorho, kwaye kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni komhlaba ochumileyo, ezinokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo nemveliso yokutya.

Imisebenzi yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa, kunye nemigodi, lunokuba negalelo kukhukuliseko ngokususa uhlaza oluzinzisa umhlaba kunye nokwandisa umhlaba ovelileyo osengozini yokukhukuliseka.. Ukhukuliseko olugqithisileyo lunokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu zokusingqongileyo, njengokuthotywa komhlaba, ukuba yintlango, kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi.

Kuko konke, ukhukuliseko yinkqubo yendalo edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni umphezulu woMhlaba, kodwa inokuba yingxaki ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo xa isenzeka ngesantya esigqithisileyo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu okanye ezinye izinto.

Umkhenkce yinkqubo yokwakheka komhlaba eyenzeka xa kukho intabalala yomkhenkce, ebizwa ngokuba yimikhenkce, ukwenza emhlabeni okanye ukuhamba phezu komhlaba. Ii-glaciers zenziwe ngekhephu eliye laqokelelana kwiminyaka emininzi, othi ekugqibeleni ucinezeleke kwaye wenze umkhenkce. Umkhenkce wenzeka kwiindawo apho amaqondo obushushu ahlala engaphantsi kweqondo lomkhenkce nalapho kukho ikhephu elaneleyo lokuxhasa ukumila komkhenkce..

Zimbini iindidi eziphambili zemikhenkce: iintlambo zomkhenkce kunye namacwecwe omkhenkce. Imikhenkce yase Valley inde, imikhenkce emxinwa equkuqela ezintlanjeni yaye inokufunyanwa kwimimandla yeentaba. Amashiti omkhenkce, kwelinye icala, zinkulu kakhulu kwaye zigubungela indawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, njengeGreenland kunye neAntarctic ice sheets.

I-glaciers inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumhlaba womhlaba kwaye inokukhukuliseka, uthutho, kwaye bafake izixa ezikhulu zentlenga njengoko zihamba. Njengoko umkhenkce ujikeleza umhlaba, baqingqe iintlambo, yenza ama-ridges kunye ne-moraines, kunye nokubumba ubume bomhlaba jikelele.

I-glaciation inokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimozulu yoMhlaba, njengoko umkhenkce ubonakalisa ngakumbi ukukhanya kwelanga kwakhona esithubeni kunomhlaba okanye amanzi, kubangela impembelelo yokupholisa kwimozulu. Ngexesha lomkhenkce wokugqibela, eyenzeka malunga 2.6 million ukuya 11,700 Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iindawo ezinkulu zoMhlaba zazigqunywe ngamaqhekeza omkhenkce kunye nomkhenkce, kukhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimozulu yoMhlaba kunye nenkqubo yendalo.

Namhlanje, Imikhenkce zizalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, njengoko ubukhulu nobungakanani bazo bunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo namaqondo obushushu ehlabathi. Ukurhoxa komkhenkce, njengoko kubonwa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, luphawu lokufudumala kwehlabathi kwaye lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekunyukeni komphakamo wolwandle, imithombo yamanzi, kunye ne-ikhosistim.

Intaba yeTafile yintaba eveleleyo encotsheni yentaba eseKapa, Mzantsi Afrika. Iyindawo enomtsalane kubakhenkethi kwaye inokubaluleka okubalulekileyo ngokwejoloji nakwindalo.

INtaba yeTafile yenziwe ikakhulu ngelitye lesanti kunye nequartzite, ezaye zenziwa ngaphezu 500 kwiminyaka ezizigidi eyadlulayo ngexesha lesiganeko sokwakheka komhlaba esaziwa ngokuba yiCape Orogeny. Ngexesha lesi siganeko, umsebenzi wetectonic wabangela ukuba umgangatho wolwandle uphakanyiswe kwaye usongwe, okukhokelela ekusekweni kweeNtaba zeCape Fold.

Ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka, ukhukuliseko kunye nokuguquguquka kwemozulu kwaveza iileya zamatye ezenza iNtaba yeTafile ngoku. Intaba nayo ine-microclimate ekhethekileyo, umphezulu wayo udla ngokugutyungelwa ngumaleko wamafu aziwa ngokuba yi “ilaphu letafile.”

Ukongeza kwiziganeko zejoloji ezakha intaba, kuye kwakho ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo eziye zabumba imbonakalo-mhlaba ekuhambeni kwexesha. Umzekelo, ngexesha le-Ice Age yokugqibela, imikhenkce yawakhukulisa amacala entaba yaza yenza iintlambo nemiwonyo ebonakalayo namhlanje.

INtaba yeTafile, ngokunjalo, kwakhona likhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezifumaneka entabeni kuphela. Izityalo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezilwanyana ziye zaqhelana ne-microclimate yentaba kwaye ziquka iiproteas, impilo, kunye nefynbos, zonke eziluphawu lweCape Floral Kingdom, esinye sezikumkani ezintandathu ezaziwayo zeentyatyambo zehlabathi.

Kuko konke, Iziganeko zejoloji kwiNtaba yeTafile, idityaniswe ne-microclimate yayo ekhethekileyo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, yenze ibengumqondiso ophawulekayo kunye nomqondiso obalulekileyo wejoloji, ngendalo, nokubaluleka kwenkcubeko.

Ixesha leCarboniferous lixesha lejoloji elathatha malunga 359 ukuya 299 Izigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha lePaleozoic. Ithiywe kakhulu emva kweediphozithi zamalahle ezininzi ezenziwe ngeli xesha. Ixesha leCarboniferous lahlulwe langama-subperiods amabini, iMississippian kunye nePennsylvanian.

Ngexesha leCarboniferous, imozulu yoMhlaba yayishushu kwaye ifumile, ezinotyani obuninzi namahlathi agqume umhlaba omninzi. Iilwandle nazo zazinyakazela zizinto eziphilayo, kuquka nezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenamqolo, intlanzi, kunye nookrebe bokuqala. Eli xesha labona ukuvela kwamaqela amaninzi amatsha ezinto eziphilayo, kuquka nezirhubuluzi zokuqala kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.

Esinye seziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye iziganeko ngexesha leCarboniferous yayikukunyuka kwezinto ezinkulu, iiarthropods ezihlala ehlathini, ezifana nezigcawu kunye ne-millipedes. Ezi zidalwa zakwazi ukukhula zaya kutsho kubukhulu obukhulu ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu eoksijini esemoyeni ngelo xesha..

Ixesha leCarboniferous laphela ngesiganeko esikhulu sokutshabalala esatshabalalisa amaqela amaninzi ezilwanyana kunye nezityalo., ukuvula indlela yenguquko yamaqela amatsha kweli xesha lilandelayo lokwakheka komhlaba, iPermian.

IKapa likhaya leempawu zomhlaba ezininzi ezimele zibonwe ngumtsalane kubakhenkethi. Nazi ezinye zeempawu zomhlaba eziphezulu eKapa:

1.           Intaba yeTafile: Intaba encopho umcaba yenye yezona ndawo ziqaphelekayo eKapa. Abakhenkethi banokuthatha uhambo olufutshane lwemoto ukuya kwincopho okanye phezulu ukuze babone umbono we-panoramic yesixeko kunye nommandla osingqongileyo.

2.           Isiqithi saseRobben: Indawo yeLifa leMveli ye-UNESCO eyayisakuba yintolongo apho uNelson Mandela kunye namanye amatshantliziyo achasene nocalucalulo ayevalelwe.. Iindwendwe zinokukhwela isikhephe ukusuka kwi-V&IWaterfront yokukhenketha isiqithi kwaye ufunde ngembali yaso.

3.           Inqaku laseKapa: Indawo yolondolozo lwendalo ebukekayo ekwincam esemazantsi ye-Cape Peninsula. Iindwendwe zinokunyuka, thatha i-scenic drive, okanye undwendwele i-lighthouse ngemibono emangalisayo yolwandle kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba ejikelezileyo.

4.           Phezulu kweKapa: Indawo eyimbali iyaziwa ngezindlu zayo ezinemibala kunye nelifa lenkcubeko yaseMalay. Abatyeleli banokuthatha uhambo lokuhamba ukuze bafunde ngembali yendawo kunye nesampula yokutya kwasekhaya.

5.           Inqaba yeThemba eliHle: Inqaba yembali esusela kwinkulungwane ye-17 kwaye yenye yezona zidumileyo, ezona zakhiwo zidala zisekho eMzantsi Afrika. Abatyeleli banokuthatha ukhenketho lobuqu kwinqaba kwaye bafunde ngembali yayo.

6.           IGadi yeZityalo yeSizwe yaseKirstenbosch: Isitiya sebhotani esimangalisayo esibonisa iintyatyambo ezikhethekileyo zaseMzantsi Afrika. Iindwendwe zinokuphonononga izitiya, yiya kukhenketho olukhokelwayo epakini, okanye uye kwenye yeekonsathi ezininzi nemisitho ebanjelwe apho.

Aba bambalwa nje kwabafanelekileyo, ebalulekileyo, Iimpawu zomhlaba ezineempawu ezenza iKapa ibe yindawo ethandwayo ngabahambi.

IKapa sisixeko esinyakazelayo nesixakekileyo eMzantsi Afrika, ngomxube wezinto ezinomtsalane zala maxesha kunye nezembali zokuhlola. Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza kwaye uzibone kuMbindi weKapa:

1.           Thatha ujikeleza i-V&Indawo yaseWaterfront, indawo yokuthenga neyolonwabo ephithizelayo ebekwe kwizibuko.

2.           Ndwendwela iNqaba yembali yeThemba eliHle, eyaqala ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwaye yenye yezona zinde, ezona zakhiwo zidala zisekho eMzantsi Afrika.

3.           Jonga iGadi yeNkampani, ipaki kawonke-wonke embindini wangaphakathi wesixeko esilikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezakhiwo zembali kunye neemyuziyam..

4.           Thatha iTable Mountain Cable Car. Imoto yeCable lukhetho olulungileyo kwabo bafuna ukubona isixeko phantsi kweyure.

5.           Ndwendwela i-Bo-Kaap, ingingqi enemibala nedlamkileyo eyaziwayo ngezindlu ezipeyintwe ngokuqaqambileyo kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko yaseMalay.

6.           Thatha uhambo oluya encotsheni yeNtaba yeTafile ngeTafile Mountain Aerial Cableway, enika iimbono eziphefumlayo zesixeko kunye nommandla osingqongileyo.

7.           Phonononga iimarike eziphithizelayo zaseGreenmarket Square kunye neOld Biscuit Mill, ezibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lobugcisa bendawo, imisebenzi yezandla, kunye nokutya.

8.           Funda ngembali yocalucalulo kunye nomzabalazo wenkululeko kwiDistrict Six Museum kunye neRobben Island Museum.

9.           Thatha uhambo olubukekayo ecaleni koSingasiqithi weKapa, enika iimbono ezimangalisayo zonxweme kunye nethuba lokubona izilwanyana zasendle ezifana nepenguin kunye neemfene.

Ezi zizinto nje ezimbalwa kwizinto ezininzi onokuzibona nokwenza kuMbindi weKapa, kwaye kuninzi okunokufunyanwa kwesi sixeko sidlamkileyo nesahlukileyo.

Intaba yeTafile yintaba encochoyi umcaba eseKapa, Mzantsi Afrika. Imalunga 1,085 iimitha (3,558 iinyawo) ephezulu kwaye yenye yezona zinto zibonakalayo, Iimpawu zomhlaba ezidumileyo eMzantsi Afrika. Intaba yenziwa nge-sandlitye kwaye inezinto ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, kunye ngaphezulu 2,200 iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezifumaneka kwithambeka.

I-calley yetafile ye-Auintaial Intaba ibonelela ngeendlela ezikhawulezayo nezilula zokufikelela kwiNgqungquthela. Imoto yentambo inokuthwala ukuya kuthi ga 65 abakhweli ngexesha kwaye bagqibe uhambo malunga nemizuzu emihlanu. Kukwakho inani leendlela zokuhamba ngeenyawo ezikhokelela encotsheni yentaba kwabo bakhetha ukuhambahamba.

Intaba yeTafile ithathelwe njengendawo yeLifa leMveli ye-UNECO kwaye ingumtsalane wokhenketho odumileyo eKapa. Inika intsha, Imibono ephefumlayo yeSixeko kunye nonxweme olujikelezileyo, Ukwenza ukuba kube njalo kufuneka sibone indawo yeendwendwe eMzantsi Afrika.

Ukuba ucwangcisa utyelelo kwiTafile intaba, Nazi ezinye zeengcebiso zokunceda ukwenza amava akho amnandi:

1.           Jonga imozulu: Iimeko zemozulu zinokuba nefuthe kutyelelo lwakho kwiTafile yeTafile. Jonga isimo sezulu ngaphambi kwexesha kwaye ulungele ukutshintsha ngequbuliso kwiimeko.

2.           Ukuthenga amatikiti kwangaphambili: Ukuthintela imigca emide, Kucetyiswa ukuthenga amatikiti akho etata yetafile kwangaphambili kwi-Intanethi. Oku kuyakunceda ukusindisa ixesha kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba uqinisekisile ukufikelela kwimoto yentambo.

3.           Thatha isigqibo kwimodi yakho yothutho: Ungahamba uye phezulu kwi-top yentaba yetafile okanye uthatha i-carhente ye-averal ye-averal. Qiniseka ukuba uphanda ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba ngeenyawo kunye nemigangatho yazo ubunzima ukuba ukhetha ukuhamba.

4.           Nxiba ngokufanelekileyo: Nxiba izihlangu ezikhululekileyo kwaye unxibe iileyini, Njengoko iqondo lobushushu linokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza entabeni.

5.           Yiza ne-scycreen kunye namanzi: Ilanga linokuqina kwitafile yetafile, Ke kubalulekile ukuba ungenise i-suncreen kwaye uhlale phantsi.

6.           Cwangcisa utyelelo lwakho: Cinga ngokucwangcisa utyelelo lwakho ngexesha leXesha lePiek, Oko kuqhuba ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba. Kananjalo, Zama ukufika kwangoko ekuseni ukuze uphephe imigca emide kunye nezihlwele.

7.           Yonwabela amava: Thatha ixesha lakho kwaye uyonwabele imibono efudumeleyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo zeNtaba yeTheyibhile.