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I-Shale rock iyidwala elicwengekile le-sedimentary elakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngamaminerali obumba.. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamatshe e-sedimentary futhi ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni lapho kube nokunqwabelana okukhulu kodaka noma ubumba., njengasezindaweni zamachibi, i-delta yomfula, kanye nezitsha ezijulile zolwandle.

Ukwakheka kwe-Shale kusuka ekuqoqweni kwezinhlayiya ezinhle, kuhlanganise nobumba, udaka, kanye nezinto eziphilayo, ezihlala ezindaweni ezithule zamanzi futhi kancane kancane ziminyene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Shale ivame ukugqitshwa, ungqimba ngalunye lumelele inkathi yenhlabathi, futhi ingabonakala ngokuqhekeka kwesici noma ikhono lokuqhekeka libe izingqimba ezincanyana.

I-Shale ngokuvamile inombala ompunga noma omnyama, kodwa ingatholakala nangemithunzi ensundu, obomvu, futhi eluhlaza. Umbala we-shale uvame ukunqunywa inani lezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe, namazinga aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo eziholela emibaleni emnyama.

I-Shale inezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zomzimba, kuye ngokubunjwa kwayo kanye nendawo eyakhiwe kuyo. Ngokuvamile idwala elithambile elingaklwejwa kalula ngozipho, kodwa futhi kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside, kuncike ekusimeni nasekuhlanganisweni kwayo.

I-Shale iyidwala elibalulekile ngoba ngokuvamile liqukethe amanani abalulekile kawoyela negesi yemvelo. Lawa ma-hydrocarbon avaleleke ezikhaleni ezincane phakathi kwezinhlayiya zobumba lwe-shale futhi angakhishwa ngokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic noma “i-fracking.” I-Shale iqukethe namanye amaminerali, njenge-pyrite, i-calcite, kanye ne-quartz, engasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezimboni.

I-Shale isetshenziselwe izinjongo ezihlukahlukene emlandweni, kubandakanya njengempahla yokwakha, njengomthombo oyinhloko kaphethiloli, futhi njengendlela yokubonisa ubuciko. Namhlanje, isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezinsizeni zayo zamandla, kodwa futhi isetshenziswa embonini yezokwakha njengento ebiza kancane yokwakha umgwaqo, umugqa wokulahla imfucuza, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Sandstone rock idwala sedimentary elakhiwa ikakhulukazi amancane, amaminerali alingana nesihlabathi noma izinhlamvu zamatshe, ngokuyinhloko i-quartz, feldspar, kanye nemica. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamatshe e-sedimentary futhi ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule nasebhishi, kanye nasezindaweni ezake zambozwa ulwandle olungashoni.

Itshe lesanti livela ekuqongeleleni nasekufakweni kukasimende kwezinhlamvu zesihlabathi. Izinhlamvu zesihlabathi ngokuvamile zifakwa umoya, amanzi, noma iqhwa bese ziyahlanganiswa futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze zakhe idwala eliqinile. Uhlobo nenani lezinto zikasimende, njenge-calcium carbonate noma i-silica, zingahluka, ukunikeza i-sandstone ububanzi bemibala nokuthungwa.

Itshe lesandstone lingaba nezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo ezibonakalayo, kuye ngokubunjwa kwayo kanye nendawo eyakhiwe kuyo. Ingase ithambile futhi iguguleke kalula, noma kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi imelane nesimo sezulu. Kungaba nezimbotshana noma kungabi nezimbotshana, okuthinta ikhono layo lokubamba amanzi kanye nokusebenziseka kwawo njengempahla yokwakha.

I-Sandstone iyinto evamile yokwakha futhi ibilokhu isetshenziselwa ukwakha izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kulula ukusebenza ngayo futhi ingasikwa ibe yizinhlobonhlobo zomumo nosayizi. Kubuye kube yinto ethandwayo yezici zokuhlobisa, njengemithombo nezithombe.

Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo, I-sandstone ibuye ibaluleke ngobuhle bayo futhi isetshenziswe njengendawo yokuveza ubuciko amakhulu eminyaka. Itshe lesandstone lingatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, kusukela kokumhlophe kuya kokubomvu kuya kokuphuzi, kanye nokuthungwa kwayo okuyingqayizivele namaphethini kuyenza ibe yinto ethandwayo kubaqophi, ababazi, nabanye abaculi.

Ukuguguleka kuyinqubo yemvelo idwala, inhlabathi, noma ezinye izinto zokwenziwa kancane kancane zigqokwa ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene zezemvelo, njengamanzi, songa, iqhwa, namandla adonsela phansi. Ukuguguleka kuyinqubo ehamba kancane futhi eqhubekayo engadala izinguquko ezibalulekile ebusweni bomhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ama-ejenti aphambili e-erosion anamanzi, songa, neqhwa. Ukuguguleka kwamanzi kwenzeka lapho imvula, umfula, noma amagagasi olwandle ahlanze inhlabathi nokudonswa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ukuguguleka komoya kwenzeka lapho imimoya enamandla ithatha bese ihambisa i-sediment, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwesihlabathi sesanti nezinye izici ezibaziweyo zomoya. Ukuguguleka kwe-glacinacial kwenzeka lapho amashidi eqhwa namaqhwa eqhwa ahamba phezu komhlaba, Ukuqothula izigodi nokubumba isimo sendawo.

Ukuguguleka kungaba nemiphumela emibi nemibi emvelweni. Ohlangothini oluhle, ukuguguleka kungadala izindawo ezintsha, njenge-canyons nezigodi zomfula, futhi ingasiza ukusabalalisa inhlabathi evundile ezindaweni ezintsha. Ohlangothini olubi, ukuguguleka kungadala ukulimala kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngabantu, njengezakhiwo namabhuloho, futhi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwenhlabathi evundile, Okungaba nemithelela ebalulekile kwezolimo nokukhiqizwa kokudla.

Imisebenzi yabantu, njengokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakha, nezimayini, futhi kungafaka isandla ekuguguleni ngokususa izimila eziqinisa inhlabathi nokwandisa inani lomhlabathi oveziwe osuselwa ekuguguleni. Ukuguguleka ngokweqile kungadala izinkinga ezinzima zezemvelo, Njengokonakaliswa kwenhlabathi, ukugwema, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.

Sekukonke, ukuguguleka kuyinqubo yemvelo edlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni indawo yomhlaba, Kepha futhi kungaba yinkinga ebalulekile yemvelo lapho kwenzeka ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu noma kwezinye izinto.

I-glaciation inqubo yokwakheka komhlaba eyenzeka lapho iqhwa elikhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi izinguzunga zeqhwa, ukwakha emhlabeni noma ukuhamba ngaphesheya kobuso boMhlaba. Izinguzunga zeqhwa zakhiwa ngeqhwa eliye lanqwabelana eminyakeni eminingi, okugcina kucindezelwe bese kwakheka iqhwa. Iqhwa lenzeka ezindaweni lapho izinga lokushisa lihlala lingaphansi kwezingaqhwa futhi lapho kuneqhwa elanele lokusekela ukwakheka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa..

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaqhwa: ama-glaciers esigodini namashidi eqhwa. Izinguzunga zeqhwa zinde, izinguzunga zeqhwa eziwumngcingo ezigeleza ezigodini futhi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Amashidi eqhwa, Ngokolunye uhlangothi, zinkulu kakhulu futhi zithatha izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, njengeqhwa laseGreenland nelase-Antarctic.

Izinguzunga zeqhwa zinomthelela omkhulu endaweni yoMhlaba futhi zingaguguleka, ezokuthutha, futhi bafake izinsalela eziningi lapho behamba. Njengoba izinguzunga zeqhwa zihamba ezweni lonke, bangabaza izigodi, dala ama-ridges nama-moraines, futhi ulolonge isimo sendawo yonke sezwe.

I-glaciation ingaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu soMhlaba, njengoba izinguzunga zeqhwa zikhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi emuva emkhathini kunomhlaba noma amanzi, okubangela ukupholisa isimo sezulu. Phakathi nenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa, okwenzeka cishe 2.6 million ukuze 11,700 iminyaka edlule, izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba zazimbozwe amaqhwa namaqhwa, okuholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwesimo sezulu soMhlaba kanye nemvelo.

Namhlanje, izinguzunga zeqhwa ziyizinkomba ezibalulekile zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengoba ubukhulu bawo kanye nezinga lawo kuhlobene eduze namazinga okushisa omhlaba. Ukuhlehla kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, njengoba kubonakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba omkhulu, kuwuphawu lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo.

ITable Mountain iyintaba evelele esendaweni ephakeme eCape Town, Iningizimu Afrika. Kuyinto ethandwa izivakashi ethandwayo futhi ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabathini nemvelo.

ITable Mountain yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngeSandstone ne-Quartzite, okwakhiwa okungaphezulu kwalokho 500 Eminyakeni engu-6 edlule ngesikhathi somcimbi wezenkolo owaziwa ngokuthi iCape Orogeny. Ngesikhathi somcimbi, Umsebenzi we-tectonic wabangela ukuthi i-Ocean Floor iphakanyiswe futhi igoqwa, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezintaba zaseCape Fold.

Ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, Ukuguguleka kanye ne-Weatheration kuveze izingqimba zedwala manje. Intaba nayo ine-microclimate eyingqayizivele, Ngaphezulu kwaso kuvame ukumbozwa engxenyeni yamafu eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- “Ithebhuloti.”

Ngaphezu kwemicimbi yezwe eyakha intaba, Kube neminye imicimbi ebalulekile eye yakha isimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, Ngesikhathi seminyaka yokugcina yeqhwa, I-graciers yakhipha izinhlangothi zentaba futhi yakha izigodi nezigodi ezibonakalayo namuhla.

ITable Mountain, ngokunjalo, futhi ekhaya ekuhlukahlukaneni okucebile kwezitshalo nezilwane impilo, Ngezinhlobo eziningi ezitholakala kuphela entabeni. Izimbali ezihlukile nezilwane ezihlukile zishintshele i-microclimate yentaba futhi zifaka ama-proter, impilo, kanye Fynbos, Yikuphi konke okucacile kombuso wezimbali eCape, Enye yezimbali eziyisithupha ezaziwayo emhlabeni.

Sekukonke, ITHEBA Mountain's Geological Imicimbi, kuhlanganiswe ne-microclimate yayo eyingqayizivele nemvelo ehlukahlukene, Kwenze kube uphawu olumangazayo futhi oluyisikolo nge-geological ebalulekile, umvelo, kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko.

Isikhathi seCarboniferous yisikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba esathatha cishe 359 kwa- 299 eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, ngesikhathi sePaleozoic. Iqanjwe kude ngamadiphozithi amaningi amalahle akhiwe ngalesi sikhathi. Isikhathi seCarboniferous sihlukaniswe ngama-subperiods amabili, iMississippian kanye nePennsylvania.

Ngesikhathi seCarboniferous, isimo sezulu soMhlaba ngokuvamile sasifudumele futhi sinomswakama, enohlaza oluningi namahlathi ayemboze ingxenye enkulu yezwe. Izilwandle nazo zazigcwele ukuphila, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, noshaka bokuqala. Lesi sikhathi sabona ukuvela kwamaqembu amaningi amasha ezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zokuqala kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.

Esinye sezehlakalo noma izehlakalo eziphawuleka kakhulu ngesikhathi seCarboniferous kwaba ukukhuphuka kwezinkulu, ama-arthropods ahlala ehlathini, njengezicabucabu nama-millipedes. Lezi zidalwa zakwazi ukukhula zaba osayizi abakhulu ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu omoya-mpilo wasemkhathini ngaleso sikhathi..

Inkathi yeCarboniferous yaphela ngesenzakalo sokuqothulwa okukhulu okwaqothula amaqembu amaningi avelele ezilwane nezitshalo., ukuvulela indlela yokuvela kwamaqembu amasha esikhathini esilandelayo sokuma komhlaba, iPermian.

IKapa liyikhaya lezimpawu zendawo ezimbalwa okufanele uzibonele izivakashi. Nazi ezinye zezimpawu zomhlaba eziphezulu eKapa:

1.           Intaba yetafula: Intaba eyisiqongo esiyisicaba engenye yezindawo eziphawuleka kakhulu eKapa. Izivakashi zingakwazi ukugibela imoto ngekhebula elifushane ziye esiqongweni noma phezulu ukuze zibuke idolobha nendawo ezungezile.

2.           I-Robben Island: INdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO eyake yaba yijele lapho uNelson Mandela kanye nezinye izishoshovu ezazilwa nobandlululo zaziboshwe khona.. Izivakashi zingagibela isikebhe ukusuka e-V&I-Waterfront ukuze uvakashele isiqhingi futhi ufunde ngomlando waso.

3.           I-Cape Point: Indawo yokulondoloza imvelo ebukekayo etholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeNhlonhlo YaseKapa. Izivakashi zingahamba ngezinyawo, thatha i-scenic drive, noma vakashela i-lighthouse ukuze uthole ukubukwa okumangalisayo kolwandle kanye nezwe elizungezile.

4.           I-Upper Cape: Indawo eyingqophamlando yaziwa ngezindlu zayo ezimibalabala kanye namagugu acebile aseMalay. Izivakashi zingathatha uhambo lokuhamba ngezinyawo ukuze zifunde ngomlando wendawo kanye nesampula yokudla kwasendaweni.

5.           Castle of Good Hope: Inqaba yomlando ehlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17 futhi ingenye edumile, amabhilidi amadala kakhulu asekhona eNingizimu Afrika. Izivakashi zingathatha uhambo lomuntu siqu lwenqaba futhi zifunde ngomlando wayo.

6.           I-Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden: Ingadi yezitshalo emangalisayo ekhombisa izimbali ezihlukile zaseNingizimu Afrika. Izivakashi zingahlola izingadi, hamba uhambo oluqondisiwe lwepaki, noma uye kwelinye lamakhonsathi amaningi nemicimbi ebanjelwe lapho.

Lezi ezimbalwa nje zabafanelekayo, okubalulekile, izimpawu zomhlaba eziyizimpawu ezenza iKapa libe yindawo edumile kubahambi.

IKapa yidolobha eliphilayo nelimatasatasa eNingizimu Afrika, ngengxube yezindawo ezihehayo zesimanjemanje nezomlando ongazihlola. Nazi ezinye izinto ongazenza futhi uzibone e-Cape Town Central:

1.           Hamba uzungeze i-V&I-waterfront, indawo yokuthenga neyokuzijabulisa ephithizelayo etholakala ethekwini.

2.           Vakashela i-Castle of Good Hope yomlando, ehlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17 futhi ingelinye lamade kakhulu, amabhilidi amadala kakhulu asekhona eNingizimu Afrika.

3.           Hlola Ingadi Yenkampani, ipaki yomphakathi enhliziyweni engaphakathi yedolobha okuyikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zomlando neminyuziyamu.

4.           Thatha i-Table Mountain Cable Car. I-Cable Car iyindlela enhle kulabo abafuna ukubona idolobha ngaphansi kwehora.

5.           Vakashela i-Bo-Kaap, indawo enemibala egqamile eyaziwa ngezindlu zayo ezipendwe ngokugqamile kanye namagugu acebile aseMalay.

6.           Thatha uhambo oluya phezulu kweTable Mountain usebenzisa i-Table Mountain Aerial Cableway, okunikeza imibono emangalisayo yedolobha nendawo elizungezile.

7.           Hlola izimakethe eziphithizelayo zaseGreenmarket Square kanye ne-Old Biscuit Mill, ezihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zobuciko basendaweni, imisebenzi yezandla, nokudla.

8.           Funda ngomlando wobandlululo kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko e-District Six Museum kanye naseRobben Island Museum.

9.           Thatha uhambo lokuhamba ngemoto eduze neNhlonhlo YaseKapa, okunikeza ukubukwa okumangalisayo kogu kanye nethuba lokubona izilwane zasendle ezifana namaphengwini nezimfene.

Lezi izinto ezimbalwa nje kweziningi ongazibona futhi uzenze e-Cape Town Central, futhi kuningi ongakuthola kuleli dolobha elinempilo nelihlukahlukene.

I-Table Mountain iyintaba esiqongweni esiyisicaba etholakala eKapa, Iningizimu Afrika. Cishe 1,085 amamitha (3,558 izinyawo) phezulu futhi kungenye yokubuka kakhulu, Izimpawu ezidumile zaseNingizimu Afrika. Intaba yakhiwe ngeSandstone futhi inezinhlobonhlobo ezicebile, Ngaphezulu 2,200 Izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezitholakala emithambekeni yazo.

I-Table Mountain Aerial Cableway inikezela izivakashi ngendlela esheshayo futhi elula yokufinyelela engqungqutheleni. Imoto yekhebula ingathwala 65 abagibeli ngasikhathi futhi baqeda uhambo cishe imizuzu emihlanu. Kukhona nenombolo yemizila yokuhamba ngezinyawo eholela esiqongweni sentaba kulabo abathanda ukuhamba.

ITable Mountain iye yaqashelwa njengendawo yamagugu e-UNESCO World Heritage futhi iyikhono lokuvakasha elidumile eKapa. Inikeza okusha, ukubukwa okuphefumulayo kwedolobha kanye nogu oluseduze nolwandle, Ukwenza kube yindawo okufanele ubone indawo yezivakashi eNingizimu Afrika.

Uma uhlela ukuvakashela eTable Mountain, nanka amathiphu okusiza ukwenza ukuzizwisa kwakho kujabulise:

1.           Hlola isimo sezulu: Izimo zezulu zingathinta ukuvakasha kwakho e-Table Mountain. Hlola isibikezelo sezulu kusenesikhathi futhi ulungele izinguquko ezisheshayo ezimweni.

2.           Thenga amathikithi kusengaphambili: Ukuze ugweme olayini abade, kunconywa ukuthi uthenge amathikithi akho e-Table Mountain kusenesikhathi ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukonga isikhathi futhi uqinisekise ukuthi unokufinyelela okuqinisekisiwe emotweni yekhebula.

3.           Nquma indlela yakho yezokuthutha: Ungakwazi ukuqwala phezulu uye phezulu kweTable Mountain noma uthathe i-Table Mountain Aerial Cableway. Qiniseka ukuthi ucwaninga izindlela ezihlukene zokuqwala izintaba kanye namazinga azo obunzima uma ukhetha ukuhamba ngezinyawo.

4.           Gqoka ngendlela efanele: Gqoka izicathulo ezikhululekile futhi ugqoke izendlalelo, njengoba izinga lokushisa lingashintsha ngokushesha entabeni.

5.           Letha okokuvikela ilanga namanzi: Ilanga lingaba namandla e-Table Mountain, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuletha i-sunscreen futhi uhlale uhlanzekile.

6.           Hlela ukuvakasha kwakho: Cabangela ukuhlela ukuvakasha kwakho phakathi nenkathi engabizi kakhulu, eqala ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba. Na-, zama ukufika ekuseni kakhulu ukuze ugweme olayini abade nezixuku.

7.           Jabulela isipiliyoni: Thatha isikhathi sakho futhi ujabulele ukubukwa okumangalisayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-Table Mountain.